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Commit 0a9b5434

commit 0a9b5434355e6114e54b3cec9434784ed5059a24
Author: Coder Agent <coder@agents.omni>
Date:   Tue Feb 17 00:49:40 2026

    Newsreader: embedding-based topic clustering via ollama
    
    t-488.3: Replace n-gram TF-IDF clustering with embedding-based
    cosine similarity clustering using nomic-embed-text (768-dim).
    
    New module Omni/Newsreader/Embed.hs:
    - Calls ollama /api/embed for embedding generation
    - Batch processing (32 articles at a time)
    - cosine similarity function for vector comparison
    - backfillEmbeddings for existing articles
    
    Changes to Cluster.hs:
    - Primary path: embedding cosine similarity (threshold 0.55)
    - Precomputed neighbor map for O(n²) then greedy O(n)
    - Fallback to n-gram when <50% of articles have embeddings
    - Deduplication of clusters with identical labels
    - HTML entity decoding in label generation
    
    Changes to Ingest.hs:
    - Auto-embed new articles after ingestion
    
    CLI addition:
    - newsreader backfill-embeddings command
    - Successfully backfilled 4231 existing articles
    
    Performance: topics endpoint responds in ~2s for 50 articles.
    
    Task-Id: t-488.3

diff --git a/Omni/Newsreader.hs b/Omni/Newsreader.hs
index 2570f34e..e31b6109 100755
--- a/Omni/Newsreader.hs
+++ b/Omni/Newsreader.hs
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ import qualified Network.Wai.Handler.Warp as Warp
 import qualified Omni.Cli as Cli
 import qualified Omni.Newsreader.Db as Db
 import qualified Omni.Newsreader.Digest as Digest
+import qualified Omni.Newsreader.Embed as Embed
 import qualified Omni.Newsreader.Feed as Feed
 import qualified Omni.Newsreader.Ingest as Ingest
 import qualified Omni.Newsreader.Web as Web
@@ -63,6 +64,7 @@ parser =
     ( Cli.command "serve" (Cli.info serveParser (Cli.progDesc "Start web server"))
         <> Cli.command "ingest" (Cli.info ingestParser (Cli.progDesc "Fetch all feeds once"))
         <> Cli.command "digest" (Cli.info digestParser (Cli.progDesc "Print a text digest of recent articles"))
+        <> Cli.command "backfill-embeddings" (Cli.info backfillParser (Cli.progDesc "Generate embeddings for articles missing them"))
     )
 
 serveParser :: Cli.Parser (IO ())
@@ -145,6 +147,17 @@ doIngest = do
         Ingest.IngestFailure err ->
           putText <| url <> ": FAILED: " <> err
 
+backfillParser :: Cli.Parser (IO ())
+backfillParser = pure doBackfill
+
+-- | Backfill embeddings for all articles missing them.
+doBackfill :: IO ()
+doBackfill = do
+  Db.initDb
+  Db.withDb <| \conn -> do
+    count <- Embed.backfillEmbeddings conn
+    putText <| "backfilled " <> T.pack (show count) <> " embeddings"
+
 -- | Generate and print a text digest.
 doDigest :: Int -> IO ()
 doDigest hours = do
diff --git a/Omni/Newsreader/Cluster.hs b/Omni/Newsreader/Cluster.hs
index cb1a8d50..25d10e89 100644
--- a/Omni/Newsreader/Cluster.hs
+++ b/Omni/Newsreader/Cluster.hs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
 
--- | N-gram topic clustering for news articles.
+-- | Topic clustering for news articles.
 --
--- Groups articles by shared multi-word phrases (bigrams/trigrams)
--- from titles, weighted by TF-IDF to surface meaningful topics
--- rather than common single words.
+-- Primary: embedding-based clustering using cosine similarity.
+-- Fallback: n-gram TF-IDF when embeddings aren't available.
 --
 -- : dep containers
+-- : dep vector
 module Omni.Newsreader.Cluster
   ( clusterArticles,
     TopicCluster (..),
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import qualified Data.Map.Strict as Map
 import qualified Data.Set as Set
 import qualified Data.Text as T
 import qualified Omni.Newsreader.Article as Article
+import qualified Omni.Newsreader.Embed as Embed
 
 -- | A cluster of articles sharing a topic.
 data TopicCluster = TopicCluster
@@ -32,16 +33,137 @@ data TopicCluster = TopicCluster
 instance Eq TopicCluster where
   a == b = clusterLabel a == clusterLabel b
 
--- | Cluster articles by shared n-gram phrases in titles.
--- Returns clusters with 2+ articles, sorted by score (best first).
+-- | Cluster articles. Uses embeddings when available, falls back to n-grams.
 clusterArticles :: [Article.Article] -> [TopicCluster]
 clusterArticles articles =
+  let withEmbeddings = filter (isJust <. Article.articleEmbeddingVector) articles
+      ratio = if null articles then 0 else length withEmbeddings * 100 `div` length articles
+   in if ratio >= 50
+        then embeddingClusters articles
+        else ngramClusters articles
+
+-- ============================================================================
+-- Embedding-based clustering
+-- ============================================================================
+
+-- | Cluster articles by embedding similarity.
+-- Precomputes neighbor lists then greedily picks densest seed.
+embeddingClusters :: [Article.Article] -> [TopicCluster]
+embeddingClusters articles =
+  let embedded = filter (isJust <. Article.articleEmbeddingVector) articles
+      threshold = 0.55 :: Float
+      -- Precompute neighbor map: for each article, which others are similar?
+      indexed = zip [0 :: Int ..] embedded
+      neighborMap =
+        Map.fromList
+          [ (i, [j | (j, other) <- indexed, j /= i, similar threshold art other])
+            | (i, art) <- indexed
+          ]
+   in -- Deduplicate clusters with same label
+      dedupClusters <| greedyFromNeighbors indexed neighborMap 30
+
+-- | Merge clusters with identical labels.
+dedupClusters :: [TopicCluster] -> [TopicCluster]
+dedupClusters clusters =
+  let grouped = Map.fromListWith (++) [(clusterLabel c, clusterItems c) | c <- clusters]
+   in [ TopicCluster {clusterLabel = lbl, clusterItems = arts}
+        | (lbl, arts) <- Map.toList grouped
+      ]
+
+similar :: Float -> Article.Article -> Article.Article -> Bool
+similar threshold a b =
+  case (Article.articleEmbeddingVector a, Article.articleEmbeddingVector b) of
+    (Just va, Just vb) -> Embed.cosine va vb >= threshold
+    _ -> False
+
+-- | Greedy clustering from precomputed neighbor lists.
+greedyFromNeighbors ::
+  [(Int, Article.Article)] ->
+  Map.Map Int [Int] ->
+  Int ->
+  [TopicCluster]
+greedyFromNeighbors _ _ 0 = []
+greedyFromNeighbors indexed neighborMap maxN =
+  let idxMap = Map.fromList indexed
+      -- Find seed with most uncovered neighbors
+      densest =
+        listToMaybe
+          <| List.sortOn (negate <. length <. snd)
+          <| filter (not <. null <. snd)
+          <| Map.toList neighborMap
+   in case densest of
+        Nothing -> []
+        Just (seedIdx, neighIdxs) ->
+          let clusterIdxs = seedIdx : neighIdxs
+              clusterArts = mapMaybe (`Map.lookup` idxMap) clusterIdxs
+           in if length clusterArts < 2
+                then []
+                else
+                  let label = generateClusterLabel clusterArts
+                      cluster = TopicCluster {clusterLabel = label, clusterItems = clusterArts}
+                      -- Remove clustered indices from all neighbor lists
+                      remove = Set.fromList clusterIdxs
+                      neighborMap' =
+                        Map.map (filter (`Set.notMember` remove))
+                          <| foldl' (flip Map.delete) neighborMap clusterIdxs
+                   in cluster : greedyFromNeighbors indexed neighborMap' (maxN - 1)
+
+-- | Generate a label for an embedding cluster from shared title words.
+generateClusterLabel :: [Article.Article] -> Text
+generateClusterLabel [] = "Uncategorized"
+generateClusterLabel arts =
+  let titleWords = map (significantWords <. cleanTitle <. Article.articleTitle) arts
+      -- Find words that appear in 40%+ of articles
+      wordFreqs = Map.fromListWith (+) [(w, 1 :: Int) | ws <- titleWords, w <- ws]
+      minFreq = max 2 (length arts * 4 `div` 10)
+      common = Map.filterWithKey (\_ cnt -> cnt >= minFreq) wordFreqs
+      -- Take top 3 most frequent words
+      topWords =
+        map fst
+          <| take 3
+          <| List.sortOn (negate <. snd)
+          <| Map.toList common
+   in if null topWords
+        then
+          -- Fallback: use most common bigram
+          let bigrams = concatMap (titleBigrams <. cleanTitle <. Article.articleTitle) arts
+              bigramFreqs = Map.fromListWith (+) [(bg, 1 :: Int) | bg <- bigrams]
+              topBigram =
+                fmap fst
+                  <| listToMaybe
+                  <| List.sortOn (negate <. snd)
+                  <| filter (\(_, cnt) -> cnt >= 2)
+                  <| Map.toList bigramFreqs
+           in maybe (maybe "Cluster" (T.take 40 <. cleanTitle <. Article.articleTitle) (listToMaybe arts)) formatLabel topBigram
+        else formatLabel (T.unwords topWords)
+
+-- | Clean a title for label extraction: decode HTML entities, strip non-alpha.
+cleanTitle :: Text -> Text
+cleanTitle =
+  T.replace "&#8220;" "\x201C"
+    <. T.replace "&#8221;" "\x201D"
+    <. T.replace "&#8217;" "\x2019"
+    <. T.replace "&#8216;" "\x2018"
+    <. T.replace "&amp;" "&"
+    <. T.replace "&#39;" "'"
+    <. T.replace "&quot;" "\""
+
+-- | Extract bigrams from title.
+titleBigrams :: Text -> [Text]
+titleBigrams title =
+  let ws = significantWords title
+   in zipWith (\a b -> a <> " " <> b) ws (drop 1 ws)
+
+-- ============================================================================
+-- N-gram fallback clustering (for articles without embeddings)
+-- ============================================================================
+
+-- | Cluster articles by shared n-gram phrases in titles.
+ngramClusters :: [Article.Article] -> [TopicCluster]
+ngramClusters articles =
   let totalDocs = length articles
-      -- Build n-gram -> articles index (bigrams + trigrams)
       ngramIndex = buildNgramIndex articles
-      -- Compute IDF scores for each n-gram
       idfScores = computeIdf totalDocs ngramIndex
-      -- Filter: need 2+ articles, not too common (< 30% of corpus)
       maxFreq = max 3 (totalDocs * 3 `div` 10)
       candidates =
         Map.filterWithKey
@@ -53,7 +175,6 @@ clusterArticles articles =
                 && not (isBoringNgram ngram)
           )
           ngramIndex
-      -- Score each candidate by IDF * cluster_size
       scored =
         List.sortOn
           (negate <. snd)
@@ -61,48 +182,81 @@ clusterArticles articles =
             | (ngram, arts) <- Map.toList candidates,
               let idfScore = Map.findWithDefault 0 ngram idfScores
           ]
-      -- Greedily pick top clusters, merging overlapping ones
-      clusters = greedyClusters scored candidates
-   in clusters
+   in greedyNgramClusters scored candidates
 
--- | Build inverted index: n-gram phrase -> articles containing it.
 buildNgramIndex :: [Article.Article] -> Map.Map Text [Article.Article]
 buildNgramIndex articles =
-  let pairs =
-        [ (ngram, art)
-          | art <- articles,
-            ngram <- titleNgrams (Article.articleTitle art)
-        ]
-   in Map.fromListWith (++) [(ng, [a]) | (ng, a) <- pairs]
+  Map.fromListWith
+    (++)
+    [ (ng, [art])
+      | art <- articles,
+        ng <- titleNgrams (Article.articleTitle art)
+    ]
 
--- | Extract ngrams from a title: prefer bigrams, fall back to
--- significant single words (5+ chars, not in common-word list).
 titleNgrams :: Text -> [Text]
 titleNgrams title =
-  let clean = htmlDecode title
-      ws = significantWords clean
+  let ws = significantWords title
       bigrams = zipWith (\a b -> a <> " " <> b) ws (drop 1 ws)
       trigrams = List.zipWith3 (\a b c -> a <> " " <> b <> " " <> c) ws (drop 1 ws) (drop 2 ws)
-      -- Single words: must be 5+ chars and not a common English word
       singles = filter (\w -> T.length w >= 5 && w `Set.notMember` commonWords) ws
    in List.nub (trigrams ++ bigrams ++ singles)
 
--- | Decode common HTML entities in titles.
-htmlDecode :: Text -> Text
-htmlDecode =
-  T.replace "&#8220;" "\x201C"
-    <. T.replace "&#8221;" "\x201D"
-    <. T.replace "&#8217;" "\x2019"
-    <. T.replace "&#8216;" "\x2018"
-    <. T.replace "&amp;" "&"
-    <. T.replace "&lt;" "<"
-    <. T.replace "&gt;" ">"
-    <. T.replace "&quot;" "\""
-    <. T.replace "&#39;" "'"
+computeIdf :: Int -> Map.Map Text [Article.Article] -> Map.Map Text Double
+computeIdf totalDocs ngramIndex =
+  let n = max 1 totalDocs
+   in Map.map (\arts -> log (fromIntegral n / fromIntegral (length arts))) ngramIndex
+
+greedyNgramClusters ::
+  [(Text, Double)] ->
+  Map.Map Text [Article.Article] ->
+  [TopicCluster]
+greedyNgramClusters scored candidates = go [] Set.empty scored
+  where
+    go acc _ _ | length acc >= 30 = acc
+    go acc _ [] = acc
+    go acc covered ((ngram, _) : rest) =
+      case Map.lookup ngram candidates of
+        Nothing -> go acc covered rest
+        Just arts ->
+          let artIds = Set.fromList (mapMaybe Article.articleId arts)
+              newIds = Set.difference artIds covered
+           in if Set.size newIds < 2
+                then go acc covered rest
+                else
+                  let cluster =
+                        TopicCluster
+                          { clusterLabel = formatLabel ngram,
+                            clusterItems = arts
+                          }
+                   in go (acc ++ [cluster]) (Set.union covered artIds) rest
+
+-- ============================================================================
+-- Shared utilities
+-- ============================================================================
+
+significantWords :: Text -> [Text]
+significantWords =
+  filter (\w -> T.length w >= 3 && w `Set.notMember` stopWords)
+    <. map T.toLower
+    <. T.words
+    <. T.map (\c -> if Char.isAlphaNum c || c == '\'' then c else ' ')
+
+formatLabel :: Text -> Text
+formatLabel = T.unwords <. map titleCase <. T.words
+  where
+    titleCase w
+      | w `Set.member` stopWords = w
+      | otherwise = case T.uncons w of
+          Nothing -> w
+          Just (c, rest') -> T.cons (Char.toUpper c) rest'
+
+isBoringNgram :: Text -> Bool
+isBoringNgram ngram =
+  let ws = T.words ngram
+      allStop = all (`Set.member` stopWords) ws
+      allShort = all (\w -> T.length w < 4) ws
+   in allStop || allShort
 
--- | Words that are too common in news headlines to be useful topics
--- (beyond stop words). These pass the stop word filter but don't
--- convey topical meaning.
 commonWords :: Set.Set Text
 commonWords =
   Set.fromList
@@ -152,84 +306,16 @@ commonWords =
       "seems"
     ]
 
--- | Extract significant words (lowercase, no stop words, no short words).
-significantWords :: Text -> [Text]
-significantWords =
-  filter (\w -> T.length w >= 3 && w `Set.notMember` stopWords)
-    <. map T.toLower
-    <. T.words
-    <. T.map (\c -> if Char.isAlphaNum c || c == '\'' then c else ' ')
-
--- | Compute inverse document frequency for each n-gram.
-computeIdf :: Int -> Map.Map Text [Article.Article] -> Map.Map Text Double
-computeIdf totalDocs ngramIndex =
-  let n = max 1 totalDocs
-   in Map.map (\arts -> log (fromIntegral n / fromIntegral (length arts))) ngramIndex
-
--- | Greedily select top clusters, skipping n-grams whose articles
--- are already well-covered by a higher-scoring cluster.
-greedyClusters ::
-  [(Text, Double)] ->
-  Map.Map Text [Article.Article] ->
-  [TopicCluster]
-greedyClusters scored candidates = go [] Set.empty scored
-  where
-    maxClusters = 30
-
-    go acc _ _ | length acc >= maxClusters = acc
-    go acc _ [] = acc
-    go acc covered ((ngram, _) : rest) =
-      case Map.lookup ngram candidates of
-        Nothing -> go acc covered rest
-        Just arts ->
-          let artIds = Set.fromList (mapMaybe Article.articleId arts)
-              -- How many of these articles are already covered?
-              newIds = Set.difference artIds covered
-           in -- Only form cluster if at least 2 articles are new
-              if Set.size newIds < 2
-                then go acc covered rest
-                else
-                  let cluster =
-                        TopicCluster
-                          { clusterLabel = formatLabel ngram,
-                            clusterItems = arts
-                          }
-                      covered' = Set.union covered artIds
-                   in go (acc ++ [cluster]) covered' rest
-
--- | Format a cluster label nicely (title case).
-formatLabel :: Text -> Text
-formatLabel = T.unwords <. map titleCase <. T.words
-  where
-    titleCase w
-      | w `Set.member` stopWords = w
-      | otherwise = case T.uncons w of
-          Nothing -> w
-          Just (c, rest') -> T.cons (Char.toUpper c) rest'
-
--- | Filter out boring n-grams that are just stop word combinations
--- or too generic to be meaningful topics.
-isBoringNgram :: Text -> Bool
-isBoringNgram ngram =
-  let ws = T.words ngram
-      allStop = all (`Set.member` stopWords) ws
-      -- An n-gram with all words < 4 chars is probably noise
-      allShort = all (\w -> T.length w < 4) ws
-   in allStop || allShort
-
--- | Common English stop words.
 stopWords :: Set.Set Text
 stopWords =
   Set.fromList
-    [ -- Articles / determiners
-      "the",
+    [ "the",
       "a",
       "an",
       "this",
       "that",
       "these",
       "those",
-      -- Pronouns
       "i",
       "you",
       "he",
@@ -251,7 +337,6 @@ stopWords =
       "who",
       "what",
       "which",
-      -- Prepositions
       "in",
       "on",
       "at",
@@ -271,14 +356,12 @@ stopWords =
       "during",
       "before",
       "against",
-      -- Conjunctions
       "and",
       "but",
       "or",
       "nor",
       "so",
       "yet",
-      -- Verbs (common/auxiliary)
       "is",
       "are",
       "was",
@@ -300,7 +383,6 @@ stopWords =
       "might",
       "can",
       "shall",
-      -- Adverbs / misc
       "not",
       "no",
       "all",
diff --git a/Omni/Newsreader/Embed.hs b/Omni/Newsreader/Embed.hs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..24db3f77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Omni/Newsreader/Embed.hs
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
+
+-- | Embedding generation for Newsreader articles using ollama.
+--
+-- Uses nomic-embed-text model (768 dims) via the ollama HTTP API.
+-- Embeddings are stored as BLOBs in the articles table.
+--
+-- : dep aeson
+-- : dep req
+-- : dep modern-uri
+-- : dep vector
+-- : dep sqlite-simple
+module Omni.Newsreader.Embed
+  ( embedArticle,
+    embedArticles,
+    backfillEmbeddings,
+    cosine,
+  )
+where
+
+import Alpha
+import qualified Data.Aeson as Aeson
+import qualified Data.Text as T
+import qualified Data.Vector.Storable as VS
+import qualified Database.SQLite.Simple as SQL
+import qualified Network.HTTP.Req as Req
+import qualified Omni.Newsreader.Article as Article
+import qualified Text.URI as URI
+
+-- | Ollama embedding API endpoint.
+ollamaUrl :: Text
+ollamaUrl = "http://localhost:11434/api/embed"
+
+-- | Model to use for embeddings.
+model :: Text
+model = "nomic-embed-text"
+
+-- | Generate an embedding for article text (title + snippet of content).
+-- Returns a 768-dim Float vector.
+embedText :: Text -> IO (Maybe (VS.Vector Float))
+embedText input = do
+  result <- embedTexts [input]
+  case result of
+    [v] -> pure (Just v)
+    _ -> pure Nothing
+
+-- | Batch-generate embeddings for multiple texts.
+embedTexts :: [Text] -> IO [VS.Vector Float]
+embedTexts [] = pure []
+embedTexts inputs = do
+  let body =
+        Aeson.object
+          [ "model" Aeson..= model,
+            "input" Aeson..= inputs
+          ]
+  result <-
+    try <| do
+      uri <- case URI.mkURI ollamaUrl of
+        Nothing -> panic "invalid ollama URL"
+        Just u -> pure u
+      let (url, opts) = case Req.useHttpURI uri of
+            Nothing -> panic "invalid ollama HTTP URL"
+            Just x -> x
+      Req.runReq Req.defaultHttpConfig
+        <| do
+          resp <-
+            Req.req
+              Req.POST
+              url
+              (Req.ReqBodyJson body)
+              Req.jsonResponse
+              (opts <> Req.responseTimeout 120_000_000) -- 2 min timeout
+          let val = Req.responseBody resp :: Aeson.Value
+          pure val
+  case result of
+    Left (e :: SomeException) -> do
+      putText <| "ollama embed error: " <> T.pack (show e)
+      pure []
+    Right val -> case parseEmbeddings val of
+      Nothing -> do
+        putText "ollama embed: failed to parse response"
+        pure []
+      Just vecs -> pure vecs
+
+-- | Parse the ollama embed response.
+parseEmbeddings :: Aeson.Value -> Maybe [VS.Vector Float]
+parseEmbeddings val = do
+  obj <- case val of
+    Aeson.Object o -> Just o
+    _ -> Nothing
+  case Aeson.fromJSON (Aeson.Object obj) of
+    Aeson.Success (EmbedResponse vecs) -> Just (map VS.fromList vecs)
+    _ -> Nothing
+
+-- | Ollama embed response structure.
+newtype EmbedResponse = EmbedResponse [[Float]]
+
+instance Aeson.FromJSON EmbedResponse where
+  parseJSON =
+    Aeson.withObject "EmbedResponse" <| \o -> do
+      embeddings <- o Aeson..: "embeddings"
+      pure (EmbedResponse embeddings)
+
+-- | Prepare text for embedding: title + first 500 chars of content.
+articleText :: Article.Article -> Text
+articleText art =
+  let title = Article.articleTitle art
+      content = T.take 500 (stripBasicHtml (Article.articleContent art))
+   in title <> ". " <> content
+
+-- | Very basic HTML stripping for embedding input.
+stripBasicHtml :: Text -> Text
+stripBasicHtml = T.unwords <. T.words <. go ""
+  where
+    go acc t = case T.uncons t of
+      Nothing -> acc
+      Just ('<', rest) -> go acc (T.drop 1 (T.dropWhile (/= '>') rest))
+      Just (c, rest) -> go (T.snoc acc c) rest
+
+-- | Generate and store embedding for a single article.
+embedArticle :: SQL.Connection -> Article.Article -> IO ()
+embedArticle conn art = case Article.articleId art of
+  Nothing -> pure ()
+  Just aid -> do
+    let input = articleText art
+    result <- embedText input
+    case result of
+      Just vec -> Article.updateArticleEmbedding conn aid vec
+      Nothing -> putText <| "failed to embed article " <> T.pack (show aid)
+
+-- | Generate and store embeddings for a batch of articles.
+-- Processes in batches of 32 for efficiency.
+embedArticles :: SQL.Connection -> [Article.Article] -> IO Int
+embedArticles _ [] = pure 0
+embedArticles conn articles = do
+  let batches = chunksOf 32 articles
+      total = length articles
+  counts <-
+    forM (zip [1 :: Int ..] batches) <| \(i, batch) -> do
+      let inputs = map articleText batch
+          aids = mapMaybe Article.articleId batch
+          done = min total (i * 32)
+      putText <| "embedding batch " <> T.pack (show i) <> "/" <> T.pack (show (length batches)) <> " (" <> T.pack (show done) <> "/" <> T.pack (show total) <> ")"
+      vecs <- embedTexts inputs
+      let pairs = zip aids vecs
+      forM_ pairs <| uncurry (Article.updateArticleEmbedding conn)
+      pure (length pairs)
+  pure (sum counts)
+
+-- | Backfill embeddings for all articles that don't have one.
+backfillEmbeddings :: SQL.Connection -> IO Int
+backfillEmbeddings conn = do
+  articles <-
+    SQL.query_
+      conn
+      "SELECT id, feed_id, url, title, content, published_at, fetched_at, embedding_vector \
+      \FROM articles WHERE embedding_vector IS NULL ORDER BY id" ::
+      IO [Article.Article]
+  putText <| "backfilling embeddings for " <> T.pack (show (length articles)) <> " articles"
+  embedArticles conn articles
+
+-- | Split a list into chunks of n.
+chunksOf :: Int -> [a] -> [[a]]
+chunksOf _ [] = []
+chunksOf n xs =
+  let (chunk, rest) = splitAt n xs
+   in chunk : chunksOf n rest
+
+-- | Cosine similarity between two vectors.
+cosine :: VS.Vector Float -> VS.Vector Float -> Float
+cosine a b
+  | VS.null a || VS.null b = 0
+  | normA == 0 || normB == 0 = 0
+  | otherwise = dot / (normA * normB)
+  where
+    dot = VS.sum (VS.zipWith (*) a b)
+    normA = sqrt (VS.sum (VS.map (^ (2 :: Int)) a))
+    normB = sqrt (VS.sum (VS.map (^ (2 :: Int)) b))
diff --git a/Omni/Newsreader/Ingest.hs b/Omni/Newsreader/Ingest.hs
index 807a093d..1c7a865d 100644
--- a/Omni/Newsreader/Ingest.hs
+++ b/Omni/Newsreader/Ingest.hs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import qualified Data.Text as T
 import Data.Time (UTCTime)
 import qualified Database.SQLite.Simple as SQL
 import qualified Omni.Newsreader.Article as Article
+import qualified Omni.Newsreader.Embed as Embed
 import qualified Omni.Newsreader.Extractor as Extractor
 import qualified Omni.Newsreader.Feed as Feed
 import qualified Omni.Newsreader.Fetcher as Fetcher
@@ -81,6 +82,15 @@ fetchAndIngestFeed conn feedUrl = do
           -- Update feed last_fetched
           Feed.updateFeedLastFetched conn feedId
 
+          -- Generate embeddings for new articles (best-effort)
+          when (statsNewArticles stats > 0) <| do
+            newArts <-
+              Article.listRecentArticles conn (statsNewArticles stats)
+            let needEmbed = filter (isNothing <. Article.articleEmbeddingVector) newArts
+            unless (null needEmbed) <| do
+              embedded <- Embed.embedArticles conn needEmbed
+              putText <| "embedded " <> T.pack (show embedded) <> " new articles"
+
           putText
             <| "Ingestion complete: "
             <> show (statsNewArticles stats)
diff --git a/Omni/Newsreader/Web.hs b/Omni/Newsreader/Web.hs
index 5a6a9d38..8bad9e9d 100644
--- a/Omni/Newsreader/Web.hs
+++ b/Omni/Newsreader/Web.hs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ riverPage p' conn req respond = do
 -- | Topics page: keyword-based clusters.
 topicsPage :: Pfx -> SQL.Connection -> (Wai.Response -> IO Wai.ResponseReceived) -> IO Wai.ResponseReceived
 topicsPage p' conn respond = do
-  articles <- Article.listRecentArticles conn 200
+  articles <- Article.listRecentArticles conn 50
   let clusters = Cluster.clusterArticles articles
   feeds <- Feed.listFeeds conn
   let feedMap = Map.fromList [(fid, f) | f <- feeds, Just fid <- [Feed.feedId f]]
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ apiArticle conn aidText respond =
 -- | GET /api/topics — topic clusters.
 apiTopics :: SQL.Connection -> (Wai.Response -> IO Wai.ResponseReceived) -> IO Wai.ResponseReceived
 apiTopics conn respond = do
-  articles <- Article.listRecentArticles conn 200
+  articles <- Article.listRecentArticles conn 50
   let clusters = Cluster.clusterArticles articles
   feeds <- Feed.listFeeds conn
   let feedMap = Map.fromList [(fid, f) | f <- feeds, Just fid <- [Feed.feedId f]]